Question #34

A corporate office uses four floors in a building. ✑ Floor 1 has 24 users. ✑ Floor 2 has 29 users. ✑ Floor 3 has 28 users. ✑ Floor 4 has 22 users. Which subnet summarizes and gives the most efficient distribution of IP addresses for the router configuration?
A
192.168.0.0/24 as summary and 192.168.0.0/28 for each floor
B
192.168.0.0/23 as summary and 192.168.0.0/25 for each floor
C
192.168.0.0/25 as summary and 192.168.0.0/27 for each floor
D
192.168.0.0/26 as summary and 192.168.0.0/29 for each floor
English
This question tests your understanding of **subnetting** and **IP address summarization**, which are fundamental concepts in network design and a core part of the CCNA certification. The goal is to allocate IP addresses efficiently to different departments (floors in this case) and then group those allocations into a single, larger network advertisement (summary) for routers. --- ### **Question:** A corporate office uses four floors in a building. ✑ Floor 1 has 24 users. ✑ Floor 2 has 29 users. ✑ Floor 3 has 28 users. ✑ Floor 4 has 22 users. Which subnet summarizes and gives the most efficient distribution of IP addresses for the router configuration? **Question Type:** Single Choice **Options:** - 192.168.0.0/24 as summary and 192.168.0.0/28 for each floor - 192.168.0.0/23 as summary and 192.168.0.0/25 for each floor - 192.168.0.0/25 as summary and 192.168.0.0/27 for each floor - 192.168.0.0/26 as summary and 192.168.0.0/29 for each floor **Correct Answer(s):** 192.168.0.0/25 as summary and 192.168.0.0/27 for each floor --- ### **Detailed Analysis:** Let's break down this question step-by-step. #### **1. Understanding the Goal: Efficient IP Distribution and Summarization** * **Subnetting:** Dividing a large network into smaller, more manageable subnetworks. This helps in organizing devices, improving security, and reducing broadcast traffic. Each floor needs its own subnet. * **Efficiency:** We want to choose subnets that are *just big enough* to accommodate the required number of users, without wasting too many IP addresses. * **IP Address Summarization (Route Aggregation/Supernetting):** This is the process of advertising a single, larger network address (a "summary route") to represent multiple smaller subnets within that larger range. This reduces the number of entries in routing tables on routers, making them more efficient and faster at looking up routes. The summary route must encompass all the individual subnets. #### **2. Determine the Requirements for Each Floor** First, identify the maximum number of users on any single floor: * Floor 1: 24 users * Floor 2: 29 users * Floor 3: 28 users * Floor 4: 22 users The highest requirement is **29 users** (on Floor 2). When assigning IP addresses, remember that a subnet requires **two** IP addresses for network overhead: 1. **Network Address:** Identifies the subnet itself. 2. **Broadcast Address:** Used to send data to all devices within that subnet. These two addresses cannot be assigned to end-user devices. Therefore, we need a subnet that can provide at least `29 + 2 = 31` total IP addresses (including the network and broadcast addresses). Let's look at common CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) prefix lengths and the number of usable hosts they provide: | Prefix Length (CIDR) | Subnet Mask | Total IP Addresses (2^(32-prefix)) | Usable Host Addresses (Total - 2) | | :------------------- | :------------------ | :--------------------------------- | :---------------------------------- | | /24 | 255.255.255.0 | 256 | 254 | | /25 | 255.255.255.128 | 128 | 126 | | /26 | 255.255.255.192 | 64 | 62 | | **`/27`** | **255.255.255.224** | **32** | **30** | | /28 | 255.255.255.240 | 16 | 14 | | /29 | 255.255.255.248 | 8 | 6 | | /30 | 255.255.255.252 | 4 | 2 | From this table, a `/27` subnet provides **30 usable host addresses**. This is the smallest and most efficient subnet size that can accommodate the **29 users** (plus 1 spare IP address for future growth or another device like a printer/server). #### **3. Evaluate the Options for Individual Floors** Now, let's look at the "for each floor" part of each option: * **Option A:** `/28` for each floor. Provides 14 usable hosts. **Too small** (needs 29). * **Option B:** `/25` for each floor. Provides 126 usable hosts. **Works, but inefficient** (wastes 126-29 = 97 IPs per floor). * **Option C:** `/27` for each floor. Provides 30 usable hosts. **Perfect and efficient** (30 >= 29). * **Option D:** `/29` for each floor. Provides 6 usable hosts. **Too small** (needs 29). Based on the individual floor requirements, **Option C** (using `/27` for each floor) is the only truly efficient choice that meets the requirement. #### **4. Determine the Summary Address** Since we've determined that each floor will use a `/27` subnet, we need to assign four consecutive `/27` subnets and then find a summary address that covers them all. Let's assume we start from 192.168.0.0. A `/27` subnet has 32 total IP addresses (0-31, 32-63, 64-95, 96-127, etc.). Let's assign them: * **Floor 1:** `192.168.0.0/27` (Addresses from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.31) * **Floor 2:** `192.168.0.32/27` (Addresses from 192.168.0.32 to 192.168.0.63) * **Floor 3:** `192.168.0.64/27` (Addresses from 192.168.0.64 to 192.168.0.95) * **Floor 4:** `192.168.0.96/27` (Addresses from 192.168.0.96 to 192.168.0.127) To summarize these four subnets, we need to find the largest common network prefix that covers the range from `192.168.0.0` to `192.168.0.127`. Let's write the binary for the varying part of the IP addresses (the fourth octet) for the network addresses: * `192.168.0.0` -> `00000000` * `192.168.0.32` -> `00100000` * `192.168.0.64` -> `01000000` * `192.168.0.96` -> `01100000` We are looking for the common leading bits. All these addresses start with `0` in the first bit of the fourth octet. * `00000000` * `00100000` * `01000000` * `01100000` The first bit is common (`0`). The second bit varies (`0` and `1`). So, the common prefix within the fourth octet is just the first bit, which is `0`. This means the network portion extends up to the end of the third octet (24 bits) plus 1 bit from the fourth octet. Therefore, the summary prefix length is `24 + 1 = /25`. A `/25` network starts at `192.168.0.0` and covers the range from `192.168.0.0` to `192.168.0.127` (since a `/25` has 128 total addresses: 2^(32-25) = 2^7 = 128). This perfectly encapsulates all four `/27` subnets we assigned. #### **5. Final Check with the Correct Answer** The correct answer states: **192.168.0.0/25 as summary and 192.168.0.0/27 for each floor**. * **For each floor:** A `/27` provides 30 usable IPs, which is efficient and sufficient for 29 users. (✓) * **As summary:** A `/25` encompasses four consecutive `/27` subnets, starting from 192.168.0.0, which is also efficient. (✓) This option meets both requirements: efficient individual subnet allocation and correct summarization. --- ### **Conclusion:** The analysis confirms that using a `/27` prefix for each floor is the most efficient way to accommodate up to 29 users, providing 30 usable IP addresses. Subsequently, four such `/27` subnets (e.g., 192.168.0.0/27, 192.168.0.32/27, 192.168.0.64/27, 192.168.0.96/27) can be summarized by a `192.168.0.0/25` network, which covers the entire range from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.127. This solution is optimal for both individual floor needs and overall network routing efficiency.
日本語
CCNA試験対策として、この問題のネットワーク設計と集約(サマライゼーション)に関する詳細な解析を行います。 --- # 考題解析:効率的なサブネット設計とルート集約 この問題は、各フロアのホスト数に基づいた最適なサブネットマスクの選定と、それらを効率的にまとめる「ルート集約(Route Summarization)」の知識を問うものです。 ## 1. 各フロアの必要IPアドレス数の算出 まず、各フロアのユーザー数(ホスト数)から、個別のサブネットに必要なサイズを割り出します。IP設計では、ユーザー数に加えて**「ネットワークアドレス」「ブロードキャストアドレス」「デフォルトゲートウェイ」**の分を考慮する必要があります。 * **Floor 1 (24 users):** 24 + 3 = 27個以上が必要 → **32ブロック (/27)** * **Floor 2 (29 users):** 29 + 3 = 32個以上が必要 → **32ブロック (/27)** * **Floor 3 (28 users):** 28 + 3 = 31個以上が必要 → **32ブロック (/27)** * **Floor 4 (22 users):** 22 + 3 = 25個以上が必要 → **32ブロック (/27)** 各フロアには **32個のIPアドレス(/27)** を割り当てるのが最も効率的です。 ## 2. ルート集約(Summarization)の計算 次に、これら4つのサブネット(各32アドレス)を1つのルートとしてルーターで集約する場合、合計でどれだけのIPアドレス空間が必要かを計算します。 * **合計ブロックサイズ:** $32 \text{ (Floor 1)} + 32 \text{ (Floor 2)} + 32 \text{ (Floor 3)} + 32 \text{ (Floor 4)} = 128$ * **必要なアドレス数:** 128個 128個のアドレス空間をカバーできる最小のサブネットマスクを求めます($2^n$ の計算): * $2^7 = 128$ サブネットマスクのビット数は $32 - 7 = 25$ となります。したがって、**「/25」** が最適な集約マスクです。 ## 3. 結論:最適なサブネット この要件において、最も効率的な配布と集約を実現するサブネットは以下の通りです。 ### **正解:/25 (例: 192.168.1.0/25)** #### 解析のポイント: 1. **効率性 (Efficiency):** * **/24**(256アドレス)では、128アドレス分が未使用となり無駄が多い。 * **/26**(64アドレス)では、4つのフロア(計128アドレス分)を収容できない。 * **/25**(128アドレス)は、全フロアの要求を満たしつつ、余分な空きを最小限に抑えている。 2. **VLSMの適用:** 各フロアに /27 を割り当てることで、将来的な各フロア数名の増員にも対応可能です。 --- ## プロネットワークエンジニアのアドバイス 実務においては、単に現在のユーザー数に合わせるだけでなく、**「将来の拡張性(Scalability)」**と**「管理の簡素化」**のバランスが重要です。 * **/27 を選ぶ理由:** ホスト数が29の場合、/28(16アドレス)では足りず、/27(32アドレス)を選択せざるを得ません。 * **集約のメリット:** ルーターのルーティングテーブルを小さく保つことができ、CPUやメモリへの負荷を軽減し、ネットワークの収束(コンバージェンス)を早めることができます。 この問題は、CCNAのICND1/ICND2範囲において非常に頻出するパターンです。**「各セグメントの最大ホスト数からマスクを決め、それらを合算して集約マスクを導き出す」**という手順を確実にマスターしておきましょう。
繁體中文
這是一題典型的 **CCNA 網路設計與子網路劃分(Subnetting)** 考題。作為一名 Cisco 認證網路工程師,在處理此類需求時,我們必須同時考慮 **VLSM(可變長度子網路遮罩)** 的效率以及 **Route Summarization(路由彙總)** 的簡潔性。 以下是針對此考題的深度解析: --- ### 1. 需求分析 (Requirement Analysis) 首先,我們必須計算每個樓層所需的 IP 位址數量。在計算時,除了使用者數量,還必須預留: 1. **網路位址 (Network ID)**:1 個 2. **廣播位址 (Broadcast Address)**:1 個 3. **預設閘道 (Default Gateway)**:1 個(通常配置在路由器介面) | 樓層 | 使用者數量 | 最小需求 (含 Overhead) | 最接近的 2 的冪次方 | 建議子網路遮罩 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Floor 1 | 24 | 24 + 3 = 27 | 32 ($2^5$) | /27 | | Floor 2 | 29 | 29 + 3 = 32 | 32 ($2^5$) | /27 | | Floor 3 | 28 | 28 + 3 = 31 | 32 ($2^5$) | /27 | | Floor 4 | 22 | 22 + 3 = 25 | 32 ($2^5$) | /27 | **分析結論:** 每個樓層最有效率的分配方式是使用 **`/27`** (提供 32 個 IP,可用 30 個)。 --- ### 2. 路由彙總計算 (Route Summarization) 題目要求找出一個能「彙總(Summarize)」這四個樓層,且「最有效率(Most Efficient)」的子網路。 * 我們有 **4 個** 樓層。 * 每個樓層分配了 **32 個** IP 位址(/27)。 * 總共需要的連續 IP 位址空間為:$4 \times 32 = 128$ 個 IP。 根據二進位運算: * $2^7 = 128$ * 子網路遮罩長度 = $32 - 7 = 25$ 因此,一個 **`/25`** 的子網路正好可以完整包含這四個 /27 的子網路,且沒有浪費多餘的空間。 --- ### 3. 工程師的配置建議 (Deployment Example) 假設我們使用 `192.168.1.0/25` 作為總結路由,內部的分配如下: * **Summary Subnet: 192.168.1.0/25** (包含 128 個 IP) * **Floor 1:** 192.168.1.0/27 (範圍: .0 ~ .31) * **Floor 2:** 192.168.1.32/27 (範圍: .32 ~ .63) * **Floor 3:** 192.168.1.64/27 (範圍: .64 ~ .95) * **Floor 4:** 192.168.1.96/27 (範圍: .96 ~ .127) --- ### 4. 為什麼這是最優解? 1. **效率性 (Efficiency)**: * 如果選用 `/24` (256 個 IP),會浪費一半的空間(128 個未使用)。 * 選用 `/25` 正好符合 4 個樓層的總和需求,空間利用率達 100%(以塊為單位)。 2. **彙總性 (Summarization)**: * 在核心路由器上,只需要一條指向 `/25` 的路由條目,就能涵蓋這四個樓層,這能有效減少路由表的大小,提升轉發效率。 3. **擴展性 (Scalability)**: * 雖然 `/25` 剛好用完,但在 CCNA 考試邏輯中,「Most Efficient」通常指「剛好滿足目前需求且浪費最少」。 ### 最終答案總結 最有效率的彙總子網路為:**`/25`** (例如 `192.168.1.0/25`)。 **解析關鍵點:** 每個樓層需求 < 30,故選用 **/27**;四個 /27 彙總後($32 \times 4 = 128$)剛好等於一個 **/25**。
简体中文
这是一道典型的 CCNA 级别关于 **可变长子网掩码 (VLSM)** 与 **路由汇总 (Route Summarization)** 的计算题。作为一名网络工程师,我们需要从地址利用率(Efficiency)和可扩展性两个维度进行分析。 以下是针对该考题的深度解析: --- ### 1. 考题需求分析 首先,我们统计各楼层的用户数(即主机需求量): * **Floor 1:** 24 位用户 * **Floor 2:** 29 位用户 * **Floor 3:** 28 位用户 * **Floor 4:** 22 位用户 **关键点:** 在计算子网大小时,除了用户数,还必须考虑 **1个默认网关地址 (Gateway)**、**1个网络地址 (Network ID)** 和 **1个广播地址 (Broadcast)**。 ### 2. 第一步:确定各楼层的子网掩码 (VLSM) 为了实现“最有效(Most Efficient)”的分配,我们需要为每个楼层寻找满足需求的最小子网块(即 $2^n$ 次幂): * **Floor 1 (24人):** 需求 $24 + 3 = 27$ 个 IP $\rightarrow$ 最小子网块为 $2^5 = 32$ (掩码为 **/27**) * **Floor 2 (29人):** 需求 $29 + 3 = 32$ 个 IP $\rightarrow$ 最小子网块为 $2^5 = 32$ (掩码为 **/27**) * **Floor 3 (28人):** 需求 $28 + 3 = 31$ 个 IP $\rightarrow$ 最小子网块为 $2^5 = 32$ (掩码为 **/27**) * **Floor 4 (22人):** 需求 $22 + 3 = 25$ 个 IP $\rightarrow$ 最小子网块为 $2^5 = 32$ (掩码为 **/27**) **结论:** 每个楼层分配一个 **/27** 的子网最为高效。 ### 3. 第二步:计算汇总子网 (Summarization) 现在我们需要将这 4 个子网汇总成一个连续的地址块: 1. **总 IP 需求量计算:** 每个楼层分配 32 个地址,共 4 个楼层: $32 \times 4 = 128$ 个 IP 地址。 2. **确定汇总掩码:** * 我们需要一个能容纳 128 个 IP 的块。 * $2^7 = 128$。 * 子网掩码位数 = $32 - 7 = 25$。 * 因此,汇总后的子网掩码是 **/25**(即 `255.255.255.128`)。 ### 4. 方案验证(示例地址分配) 假设我们使用 `192.168.1.0` 这一私网网段: * **Floor 1:** `192.168.1.0/27` (范围: .0 - .31) * **Floor 2:** `192.168.1.32/27` (范围: .32 - .63) * **Floor 3:** `192.168.1.64/27` (范围: .64 - .95) * **Floor 4:** `192.168.1.96/27` (范围: .96 - .127) **汇总结果:** `192.168.1.0/25` 该汇总地址涵盖了从 `.0` 到 `.127` 的所有地址,正好匹配 4 个 /27 子网的需求。 --- ### 5. 工程师总结 **正确答案:** 汇总子网应为 **/25**。 #### 为什么这是最有效的方案? 1. **无地址浪费:** 如果选择 **/24**,会产生 256 个地址,浪费了一半的空间。如果选择 **/26**,只能提供 64 个地址,无法容纳 4 个楼层的需求。**/25** 恰好提供 128 个地址,完美契合。 2. **路由优化:** 在路由器配置中使用单一的 /25 汇总路由,可以减小路由表规模,提高路由查找效率。 3. **合规性:** 符合 VLSM 设计原则,每个楼层拥有独立的广播域,同时在层次化设计中保持了地址的连续性。 **专家提示:** 在 CCNA 考试中,看到此类题目,先找每个子网所需的最小 $2^n$ 块,再将这些块相加求总和,最后反推总掩码即可快速得出答案。